1Martin F, Carmona M, Mahillo B, Alvarez M, Luengo A, Chatzixiros E, López-Fraga M, Domínguez-Gil B, Tullius SG. Organ donation and transplantation worldwide: the Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation 2024 Report. Transplantation. 2026. journals.lww.com/transplantjournal
2Etheredge HR. Assessing global organ donation policies: opt-in vs opt-out. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:1985–1998. doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S270234
3Tennankore KK, Klarenbach S, Goldberg A. Perspectives on opt-out versus opt-in legislation for deceased organ donation. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2021;8. doi.org/10.1177/20543581211022151
4Donate Life America. Organ, eye and tissue donation statistics 2024. 2024. donatelife.net
5Bambha K, Shingina A, Dodge JL, O’Connor K, Dunn S, Prinz J, Pabst M, Nilles K, Sibulesky L, Biggins SW. Solid organ donation after death in the United States: data-driven messaging to encourage potential donors. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(6):1642–1649. doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15776
6U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau. 2025 National Survey of Organ Donation Attitudes and Practices: Report of Findings. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; July 2025. organdonor.gov
7Deutsche Stiftung Organtransplantation. Jahresbericht 2025. Frankfurt: DSO; April 2026. dso.de
8Zimmering R, Hammes D. Bericht zur Repräsentativstudie 2022: Wissen, Einstellung und Verhalten der Allgemeinbevölkerung zur Organ- und Gewebespende. BZgA-Forschungsbericht. Köln: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung; 2023. bzga.de/organ-und-gewebespende
9Mihály S, Smudla A, Domínguez-Gil B, et al. Approaching the families of potential deceased organ donors: an overview of regulations and practices in Council of Europe Member States. Transpl Int. 2023;36:11498. doi.org/10.3389/ti.2023.11498
10Council of Europe / European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines. Newsletter Transplant: international figures on donation and transplantation 2024. Vol. 30. Strasbourg: EDQM; 2025. edqm.eu/en/organs-tissues-cells
11Rees M, McLaughlin L, Paredes-Zapata D, Miller C, Mays N, Noyes J. Qualitative content and discourse analysis comparing the current consent systems for deceased organ donation in Spain and England. Transpl Int. 2024;37:12533. doi.org/10.3389/ti.2024.12533
12Matesanz R, Domínguez-Gil B. About the opt-out system, live transplantation, and information to the public on organ donation in Spain … Y olé! Am J Transplant. 2017;17(6):1695–1696. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ajt.14296
13Matesanz R, Domínguez-Gil B. Opt-out legislations: the mysterious viability of the false. Kidney Int. 2019;95(6):1301–1303. doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2019.02.028
14Streit S, Johnston-Webber C, Mah J, Prionas A, Wharton G, Casanova D, Mossialos E, Papalois V. Ten lessons from the Spanish model of organ donation and transplantation. Transpl Int. 2023;36:11009. doi.org/10.3389/ti.2023.11009
15Organización Nacional de Trasplantes. Memoria de actividad de donación y trasplante 2024. Madrid: ONT; 2024. ont.es
16The Lancet. Organ donation: lessons from the Spanish model. Lancet. 2024;404:1689 (editorial). doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02128-7
17Vispo NS. Pioneering the future of organ transplantation: lessons from the Spanish model. Bionatura J. 2025;10:2025.02.01.1. doi.org/10.70099/BJ/2025.02.01.1
18NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi. Organ and tissue donation. n.d. nzta.govt.nz/organ-and-tissue-donation
19Australia and New Zealand Organ Donation Registry. 30th Annual Report (data to 31 December 2025). Adelaide: ANZOD; 2026. anzdata.org.au/anzod
20Lavee J, Ashkenazi T, Stoler A, Cohen J, Beyar R. Preliminary marked increase in the national organ donation rate in Israel following implementation of a new Organ Transplantation Law. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(3):780–785. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ajt.12001
21Cronin AJ. Points mean prizes: priority points, preferential status and directed organ donation in Israel. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2014;3:8. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3936836
22Berzon C. Israel's 2008 Organ Transplant Law: continued ethical challenges to the priority points model. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2018;7:11. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5855996
23Ghods AJ, Savaj S. Iranian model of paid and regulated living-unrelated kidney donation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(6):1136–1145. journals.lww.com/cjasn
24Mahdavi-Mazdeh M. The Iranian model of living renal transplantation. Kidney Int. 2012;82(6):627–634. kidney-international.org
25Nobakht Haghighi A, Ghobadi O, Najafizadeh K, Noohi F, Broumand B, Fazel I. 20 years Iranian experience of organ donation: shifting from compensated living unrelated kidney transplantation. Kidney Int Rep. 2025. kireports.org
26Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation. International report on organ donation and transplantation activities — 2023 data. Madrid: WHO–ONT Collaboration; December 2024. transplant-observatory.org
27Participants in the International Summit on Transplant Tourism and Organ Trafficking. The Declaration of Istanbul on organ trafficking and transplant tourism. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(5):1227–1231. declarationofistanbul.org
28Molina-Pérez A, Rodríguez-Arias D, Delgado J, Morgan M, Frunza M, Randhawa G, et al. Differential impact of opt-in, opt-out policies on deceased organ donation rates: a mixed conceptual and empirical study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(11):e057107. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9462118
29Bramhall S. Presumed consent for organ donation: a case against. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011;93(4):268–272. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3363073
30NHS Blood and Transplant. Organ and tissue donation and transplantation activity report 2024/25. Bristol: NHSBT; 2025. nhsbt.nhs.uk
31Madden S, Collett D, Walton P, Empson K, Forsythe J, Ingham A, Morgan K, Murphy P, Neuberger J, Gardiner D. The effect on consent rates for deceased organ donation in Wales after the introduction of an opt-out system. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(9):1146–1156. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7496553
32Lomero M, Gardiner D, Coll E, Haase-Kromwijk B, Procaccio F, Immer F, et al. Donation after circulatory death today: an updated overview of the European landscape. Transpl Int. 2020;33(1):76–88. doi.org/10.1111/tri.13506
33Vidgren M, Delorme C, Oniscu GC. Challenges and opportunities in organ donation after circulatory death. J Intern Med. 2025;297(2):124–140. doi.org/10.1111/joim.20051
34London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. England's organ donation law: why the 'soft' opt-out system has fallen short. London: LSHTM; 2023. lshtm.ac.uk
35Zeybek A, Le N-S, Settmacher U, Koch M, Arbogast H, Ziganshyna S, Hahnenkamp K, Nashan B. Organ donation in Germany: opt-in vs. opt-out — opinions and voting patterns in the 19th German Bundestag. Front Transplant. 2025. doi.org/10.3389/frtra.2025.1526238
36Community Law New Zealand. Donating organs: who decides. n.d. communitylaw.org.nz
37Shim L, Wensley CJ, Parke RL. A retrospective analysis of patients eligible for organ donation in adult intensive care units in Aotearoa New Zealand. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2026;54(1):18–30. doi.org/10.1177/0310057X251357317
38Shim L, Wensley C, Casement J, Parke R. What determinants impact deceased organ donation consent in the adult intensive care unit? An integrative review exploring the perspectives of staff and families. Aust Crit Care. 2024;37:638–650. doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2023.11.005
39Kee T, Ganpathi IS, Sivathasan C, Kong S, Premaraj J, Anantharaman V. Solid organ transplantation in Singapore. Transplantation. 2018;102(9):1397–1400. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30124628
40Republic of Singapore. Human Organ Transplant Act 1987 (2020 Revised Edition). Singapore: Law Revision Commission; 2021. sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/HOTA1987
41Singapore Ministry of Health. Organ donation: Human Organ Transplant Act (HOTA). Updated 15 October 2025. moh.gov.sg/seeking-healthcare/organ-donation
42Akabayashi A, Nakazawa E, Ozeki-Hayashi R, Tomiyama K, Mori K, Demme RA, Akabayashi A. Twenty years after enactment of the Organ Transplant Law in Japan: why are there still so few deceased donors? Transplant Proc. 2018;50(5):1209–1212. sciencedirect.com/Transplant-Proc
43Loua A, Feroleto M, Sougou A, Kasilo OMJ, Nikiema JB, Fuller W, Kniazkov S, Tumusiime P. A review of policies and programs for human organ and tissue donations and transplantations, WHO African Region. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(6):420–425. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7265924
44Okereke IC, Lema V, Boldebuck A, Etheredge H, Bohonis H, Ettenger A, et al. Organ transplantation in Africa: confronting socioeconomic, cultural, and infrastructural hurdles. Transplant Rep. 2025. doi.org/10.1016/j.tpr.2025.100122