Bibliography

References · Worldwide Dashboard 2023

Primary data sources

1Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation (GODT). Donation and Transplantation Global Report 2023. December 2024 (revised February 2025). www.transplant-observatory.org
2Council of Europe / EDQM. Newsletter Transplant: International Figures on Donation and Transplantation 2024 (covers 2023 data). Strasbourg, 2024. www.edqm.eu/en/newsletter-transplant
3NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT). Activity Report 2023/24. www.odt.nhs.uk/statistics-and-reports/annual-activity-report
4Israni AK, Zaun DA, Martinez A, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2023 Annual Data Report: Deceased Organ Donation. Am J Transplant. 2025. doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2025.01.026
5IRODaT. 2023 Newsletter. International Registry on Organ Donation and Transplantation. www.irodat.org
6Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (ONT). Memoria de Actividad 2023. Balance 17/01/2024. https://www.ont.es
7Donate Life America. Organ, Eye and Tissue Donation Statistics 2023. https://donatelife.net
8Australian and New Zealand Organ Donation (ANZOD) Registry. Report 2023. https://www.anzdata.org.au/anzod/
9Agence de la biomédecine. Rapport annuel 2023. https://www.agence-biomedecine.fr
10Eurotransplant International Foundation. Annual Report 2023. https://www.eurotransplant.org
11Scandiatransplant. Annual Statistics 2023. https://www.scandiatransplant.org
12UN DESA. World Population Prospects 2024. https://population.un.org/wpp/

Consent systems & donation culture

13Mihály S, Smudla A, Domínguez-Gil B, et al. Approaching the families of potential deceased organ donors. Transpl Int. 2023;36:11498. doi:10.3389/ti.2023.11498 doi.org/10.3389/ti.2023.11498
14Matesanz R, Domínguez-Gil B. Opt-out legislations: the mysterious viability of the false. Kidney Int. 2019;95(6):1301–1303. doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2019.02.028
15Streit S, Johnston-Webber C, Mah J, et al. Ten lessons from the Spanish model. Transpl Int. 2023;36:11009. doi.org/10.3389/ti.2023.11009
16Tennankore KK, Klarenbach S, Goldberg A. Perspectives on opt-out vs opt-in legislation. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2021;8. doi.org/10.1177/20543581211022151
17Molina-Pérez A, et al. Differential impact of opt-in/opt-out policies. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e057107. doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057107
18Rees K, McLaughlin L, Paredes-Zapata D, et al. Comparing consent systems in Spain and England. Transpl Int. 2024;37:12533. doi.org/10.3389/ti.2024.12533
19Etheredge HR. Assessing global organ donation policies: opt-in vs opt-out. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:1985–1998. doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S270234
20Dallacker M, Appelius L, Brandmaier AM, et al. Opt-out defaults do not increase organ donation rates. Public Health. 2024;236:436–440. doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2024.08.014

DCD literature & country guidelines

21Lomero M, Gardiner D, Coll E, et al. Donation after circulatory death today: an updated overview of the European landscape. Transpl Int. 2020;33(1):76–88. doi.org/10.1111/tri.13506
22Vidgren M, Delorme C, Oniscu GC. Challenges and opportunities in donation after circulatory death. J Intern Med. 2025;297(2):124–140. doi.org/10.1111/joim.20051
23Wind J, Faut M, van Smaalen TC, van Heurn EL. Variability in protocols on donation after circulatory death in Europe. Crit Care. 2013;17(5):R217. doi.org/10.1186/cc13034
24Thuong M, Ruiz A, Evrard P, et al. New classification of donation after circulatory death donors. Transpl Int. 2016;29(7):749–759. doi.org/10.1111/tri.12776
25Domínguez-Gil B, Ascher N, Capron AM, et al. Expanding controlled donation after the circulatory determination of death. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(3):265–281. doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06341-7
26Hornby K, Hornby L, Shemie SD. A systematic review of autoresuscitation after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(5):1246–1253. doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d8caaa
27Greer DM, Shemie SD, Lewis A, et al. Determination of brain death/death by neurologic criteria: the World Brain Death Project. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1078–1097. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.11586
28Schroder JN, Patel CB, DeVore AD, et al. Transplantation outcomes with donor hearts after circulatory death. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(23):2121–2131. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2212438
29Kin T, Noguchi H, Kawaguchi A. Is donation after circulatory determination of death in Japan uncontrolled or controlled? OBM Transplantation. 2024;8(2):2402216. doi.org/10.21926/obm.transplant.2402216
30Park H, et al. Organ donation after controlled circulatory death in Korea. Korean J Transplant. 2021;35(2):71–76. doi.org/10.4285/kjt.21.0004
31Seth AK, Mohanka R, Navin S, et al. Organ donation after circulatory determination of death in India. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2022;26(4):421–438. doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24198
32Olawade DB, Odetayo A, Marinze S, et al. Organ transplantation in Africa: confronting socioeconomic, cultural, and infrastructural hurdles. Curr Res Transl Med. 2025;73(3):103516. doi.org/10.1016/j.retram.2025.103516
33Loua A, Feroleto M, Sougou A, et al. A review of policies and programmes for human organ and tissue donations and transplantations, WHO African Region. Bull World Health Organ. 2020. doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.236992
34Council of Europe / EDQM. Guide to the Quality and Safety of Organs for Transplantation, 9th edition. www.edqm.eu/en/organ-tissue-cell-transplantation-guides
35The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism, 2018 edition. www.declarationofistanbul.org
36Deutsche Stiftung Organtransplantation (DSO). Jahresbericht Organspende und Transplantation in Deutschland 2025. Frankfurt: DSO; April 2026. dso.de
37Zimmering R, Hammes D. Bericht zur Repräsentativstudie 2022: Wissen, Einstellung und Verhalten der Allgemeinbevölkerung zur Organ- und Gewebespende. BZgA-Forschungsbericht. Köln: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung; 2023. bzga.de
38NHS Blood and Transplant. Annual Report and Accounts 2019/20. London: NHSBT; 2020. NHSBT 2019/20